|
Homogenization in climate research means the removal of non-climatic changes. Next to changes in the climate itself, raw climate records also contain non-climatic jumps and changes for example due to relocations or changes in instrumentation. The most used principle to remove these inhomogeneities is the relative homogenization approach in which a candidate stations is compared to a reference time series based on one or more neighboring stations. The candidate and reference station(s) experience about the same climate, non-climatic changes that happen only in one station can thus be identified and removed. ==Climate observations== To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records are essential, but are best not used directly. These datasets are essential since they are the basis for assessing century-scale trends or for studying the natural (long-term) variability of climate, amongst others. The value of these datasets, however, strongly depends on the homogeneity of the underlying time series. A homogeneous climate record is one where variations are caused only by variations in weather and climate. Long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous. Results from the homogenization of instrumental western climate records indicate that detected inhomogeneities in mean temperature series occur at a frequency of roughly 15 to 20 years.〔Auer, I., R. Bohm, A. Jurkovic, W. Lipa, A. Orlik, R. Potzmann, W. Schoner, M. Ungersbock, C. Matulla, P. Jones, D. Efthymiadis, M. Brunetti, T. Nanni, K. Briffa, M. Maugeri, L. Mercalli, O. Mestre, et al. "HISTALP - Historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region". ''Int. J. Climatol.'', 27, pp. 17-46, , 2007.〕〔Menne, M. J., Williams, C. N. jr., and Vose, R. S.: "The U.S. historical climatology network monthly temperature data, version 2". ''Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.'', 90, (7), 993-1007, , 2009.〕〔Brunetti M., Maugeri, M., Monti, F., and Nanni, T.: Temperature and precipitation variability in Italy in the last two centuries from homogenized instrumental time series. ''International Journal of Climatology'', 26, pp. 345–381, , 2006.〕〔Caussinus, H. and Mestre, O.: "Detection and correction of artificial shifts in climate series". ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series C (Applied Statistics)'', 53 (3), 405-425, , 2004.〕〔Della-Marta, P. M., Collins, D., and Braganza, K.: "Updating Australia’s high quality annual temperature dataset". ''Austr. Meteor. Mag.'', 53, 277-292, 2004.〕 It should be kept in mind that most measurements have not been specifically made for climatic purposes, but rather to meet the needs of weather forecasting, agriculture and hydrology.〔Williams, C. N. jr., Menne, M. J., Thorne, P.W. "Benchmarking the performance of pairwise homogenization of surface temperatures in the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres", 117, D5, , 2012.〕 Moreover the typical size of the breaks is often of the same order as the climatic change signal during the 20th century.〔〔〔〔〔 Inhomogeneities are thus a significant source of uncertainty for the estimation of secular trends and decadal-scale variability. If all inhomogeneities would be purely random perturbations of the climate records, collectively their effect on the mean global climate signal would be negligible. However, certain changes are typical for certain periods and occurred in many stations, these are the most important causes as they can collectively lead to artificial biases in climate trends across large regions. 〔〔Menne, M. J., Williams, C. N. jr., and Palecki M. A.: "On the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record". ''J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.'', 115, no. D11108, , 2010.〕〔Begert, M., Schlegel, T., and Kirchhofer, W.: "Homogeneous temperature and precipitation series of Switzerland from 1864 to 2000". ''Int. J. Climatol.'', , 25, 65–80, 2005.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Homogenization (climate)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|